Introduction to Political Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Political Science - Assignment Example This system of check and balance is effectual via the Congressional Oversight as far as the Congress is concerned. The functions of Congress Oversight dictate its benefits. These include the following; increase in government accountability and increase in the degree of toughness in the queries taken from officers of the public. In this way, constructive decisions are reached. Undoubtedly, the Congress Oversight is a tremendous help in guaranteeing that all the governing bodies do not violate the legislative principles. The Congress is accountable for preserving the well being and safety of the people. Its fundamental role lies in serving as a representative party for the people of America, as supported by the Oversight of the Congress. An example is negotiating with agencies according to their constituents’ welfare. This means the rights of the people of America are safeguarded. The Watergate scandal inquiry serves as an example (Liebovich 333). This power can be exercised in a biased manner because if a particular party directs Congress, it might not use its oversight power to monitor and supervise events that benefit the party. This may affect the interests of the people of America and generate detrimental responses. ... Congress has impeachment powers. Impeachment permits the governing body to hold the civil officers responsible for committing transgressions. However, the legislature is not authorized to carry on trials or terminate the civil officers for malfeasance. The upper house has the obligation to conduct the entire trial section of the impeachment and the lower house has the responsibility to conduct the accusation. The congress can exercise the power of impeachment over the executive branch. Andrew Johnson, the 17th President, is an example. He was held accountable by 35 senators and was prosecuted in his office. The United States President, Richard Nixon was held responsible for the Watergate Scandal that took place during 1974. He decided to resign from his presidency instead of experiencing impeachment at the hand of the congress. During 1998, the President of the United States, Bill Clinton became the next president after Nixon to be impeached by the United States Senate. Later on, the Senate found him innocent. President of the United States has the power to represent the state, he is the one who is supposed to meet the heads of other countries and visit other countries and represent United States in other countries. The President is even entitled to executive powers, this allows him to run the nation and control the operations of the federal government. President has the power to accept and reject the bill forwarded to him by the congress; this power is recognized as legislative power. He has the power to appoint different officers for different public positions, his duties even include managing foreign affairs such as dealing with presidents of other nations and he even has the power to take emergency measures if necessarily

First Eclogue of Vrigil Essay Example for Free

First Eclogue of Vrigil Essay The first eclogue was written between 42 and 39 B.C.E. Two of the eclogues which are the 1 and 9 belong to the pastoral poetry. This eclogue is a 12 verses dialogue between 2 herdsmen: Meliboeus and Tityrus. The first eclogue is based on a personal experience. Virgil and his family had been evicted and this memory appears in the personality of Meliboeus. But the family got their rights back because of Octavianus and the personality of Tityrus reflects Virgil’s gratefulness. 1st stanza(Meliboeus): * it is a complaint * he called himself a kind of exile * he knew that his fortune is worse than Tityrus’s * he had to leave his â€Å"sweet fields† 2nd stanza(Tityrus): * the God is the one who can help * he helped him too 3rd stanza(Meliboeus): * Meliboeus is not jealous of Tityrus * he started to complain about his past * he asked a question about the God who was mentioned by Tityrus 4th stanza(Tityrus): * he praised Rome with the cypress-comparison * Rome is the King of cities for him 5th stanza(Meliboeus): * this is a question * why Tityrus wanted to go Rome 6th stanza(Tityrus): * freedom is an important thing for Tityrus * he wasn’t free with Galatea * Galatea is a mythological person who symbolises the social problems * in the mythology she was in love and she was killed by a jealous women. * Amaryllis symbolises the present who is his new love 7th stanza(Meliboeus): * he refers to Tityrus’s happy life 8th stanza(Tityrus): * maybe he mentioned the God who helped him 9th stanza(Meliboeus): * he said that Tityrus kept his field * it refers to Tityrus’s loyalty about his home * In spite of the social problems he didn’t leave his homeland 10th stanza(Tityrus): * he would never leave his home 11th stanza(Meliboeus): * Meliboeus wanted to find a new home 12th stanza(Tityrus): * Tityrus offers food and place to sleep to Meliboeus To sum up: Tityrus ‘s personality reflects the loyalty about his homeland. He tries to convince Meliboeous of this loyalty because he can’t ignore the problems of their home.

Teachings of Life Through the River Essay -- Personal Experience, Autob

My father was always a man of infinite knowledge for those willing to listen. Unbeknownst to him, his knowledge extends beyond what he has to teach. For example, when asked how to clean a fish, he goes through the process in great detail. From where the incision is made to de-scaling the fish, he would always emphasize the care, attention to the smallest detail. With every lesson, the majority of his teachings show how no matter how long the task, any person will always have enough time to finish what they set out to do. As with most aspects of life the same principles apply. The most memorable time of my life was my father’s ecstatic look when I said I would love to learn how to fly fish. When camping as a child of eight years old, my parents, sister, our two dogs and I would go for a hike. During most hikes, we would trek near a small creek or tributary, my father would take off, on his own, to fly fish. I could only stand in awe as the fly line’s arc, still wet, would glisten over my father’s head during each cast. I wasn’t of age to learn the art quite yet. My mother would grab the back of my shirt and drag me back to the hiking trail for fear of me falling in. With every time she pulled me back, I would dig my heels into the ground and flail my arms violently to try and loosen her grip. All I wanted to do was watch and contemplate in my father’s love and splendor for fly fishing. The day eventually came when I was of age to learn the art of fly fishing. At the age of twelve or so, he popped the question, â€Å"do you want to learn how to fly fish† and all the heavy gates lifted. To me, learning how to fly fish would finally bring me that one step closer into the same graces of manhood where my father already stood, patience, ... ...re will always be a long, treacherous path ahead. This path is almost always a bumpy one and is most definitely not a straight one. In one class, a person may completely disagree with a teacher and never heed any of their advice. In others, the teacher could very well be one, if not the only reason for even attending that class. No matter what the circumstances, patience will play an extreme role in anyone’s successful journey through education. Now, patience is never the only thing that gets a person through, determination plays the role of perpetuating the patience, much like catching your dinner. For many, the determination is to attain a better, more fulfilled life. For some, the goal is merely to have fun with their career in the future. Whatever the case may be, patience, determination, and, if that person has it, a little bit of finesse will take anyone far.

Essay --

People have different taste buds and different numbers of taste buds that can determine their sensitivity to taste. In this experiment, we tested the changes in threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors when maple syrup is consumed prior to the tests. Two subjects tasted four solutions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). Each solution had seven different concentrations. Two experiments were also made with and without maple syrup consumption. The first experiment was used as a control group for the second experiment. Results showed that threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors changed after consuming syrup before the other solutions. Based on the results, it was determined that chemoreceptors adapted to concentration strengths. Tastants, which are taste stimuli, uses chemicals to evoke the sense of taste (Kudo et al., 2010). People’s term of taste differs by a genetic locus, which causes the tongue to identify taste (Eisenstein, 2010). A chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that can identify chemical stimuli then transmits the information to the brain (Campbell, 2010). The number of taste buds in a person’s mouth can also determine their sensitivity to taste (Kudo et al., 2010). Adaptation occurs when the nervous system does not cause a reaction due to a stimulus being continuous for a period of time (Walsh, 2013). In this experiment, we determined the changes in threshold sensitivity of the taste receptors for salty, sour, sweet, and bitter solutions by consuming maple syrup prior to tasting the other solutions. We wanted to see if taste receptors could adapt to a strong sweet taste, but could still acquire the same threshold sensitivity of the other tastes. I predicted that after consuming maple syrup, the taste threshold for the ot... ...erence on the results. Since we only had time to experiment with only two subjects, our average would not be as precise as if we had experimented with five to ten subjects. Another error was the amount of maple syrup consumed. Sometimes Tuan would consume a little syrup and sometimes he would consume a lot. The same also occurred with Khoi as he also sometimes consumed a large concentration of syrup. Temperature was also a factor to the results as a warmer solution was more noticeable than a cooler solution. Due to the collected data, we concluded that the threshold sensitivity of taste receptors did change after maple syrup was consumed (Figure 1). Future experiments that would further the understanding of this topic could be that instead of using maple syrup, which was sweet, we could use something that was bitter, salty, or sour to see if results would also vary. Essay -- People have different taste buds and different numbers of taste buds that can determine their sensitivity to taste. In this experiment, we tested the changes in threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors when maple syrup is consumed prior to the tests. Two subjects tasted four solutions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). Each solution had seven different concentrations. Two experiments were also made with and without maple syrup consumption. The first experiment was used as a control group for the second experiment. Results showed that threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors changed after consuming syrup before the other solutions. Based on the results, it was determined that chemoreceptors adapted to concentration strengths. Tastants, which are taste stimuli, uses chemicals to evoke the sense of taste (Kudo et al., 2010). People’s term of taste differs by a genetic locus, which causes the tongue to identify taste (Eisenstein, 2010). A chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that can identify chemical stimuli then transmits the information to the brain (Campbell, 2010). The number of taste buds in a person’s mouth can also determine their sensitivity to taste (Kudo et al., 2010). Adaptation occurs when the nervous system does not cause a reaction due to a stimulus being continuous for a period of time (Walsh, 2013). In this experiment, we determined the changes in threshold sensitivity of the taste receptors for salty, sour, sweet, and bitter solutions by consuming maple syrup prior to tasting the other solutions. We wanted to see if taste receptors could adapt to a strong sweet taste, but could still acquire the same threshold sensitivity of the other tastes. I predicted that after consuming maple syrup, the taste threshold for the ot... ...erence on the results. Since we only had time to experiment with only two subjects, our average would not be as precise as if we had experimented with five to ten subjects. Another error was the amount of maple syrup consumed. Sometimes Tuan would consume a little syrup and sometimes he would consume a lot. The same also occurred with Khoi as he also sometimes consumed a large concentration of syrup. Temperature was also a factor to the results as a warmer solution was more noticeable than a cooler solution. Due to the collected data, we concluded that the threshold sensitivity of taste receptors did change after maple syrup was consumed (Figure 1). Future experiments that would further the understanding of this topic could be that instead of using maple syrup, which was sweet, we could use something that was bitter, salty, or sour to see if results would also vary.

Position Paper Essay

* A position paper is an essay that presents an opinion about an issue, typically that of the author or another specified entity; such as a political party. Position papers are published in academia, in politics, in law and other domains.Position papers range from the simplest format of a letter to the editor through to the most complex in the form of an academic position paper. Position papers are also used by large organizations to make public the official beliefs and recommendations of the group * A position paper is a critical analysis of current facts, data, and research literature. A key feature of the paper is the position statement, which presents the Academy’s stance on an issue. * A position paper is a document promoting a particular viewpoint on an issue or event. These documents are used by political campaigns, think tanks and non-profit organizations to compile thoughts on a single issue for mass consumption. The consumers of position papers include interested vot ers, academics and competing organizations with the desire to write opposing viewpoints. Position papers can offer simple positions, like white papers, or provide blueprints for resolution, like green papers. * Like a debate, a position paper presents one side of an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to refute the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides. Parts of Position Paper Position paper can be a reasoned defense or a critique of an ethical thesis. It should not be done as a research paper or a collection and arrangement of diverse sources. Instead, your paper should exhibit two central characteristics: 1. an intensive analysis of a ethical thesis, and 2. your criticism of the thesis and your supporting arguments. The expression of your opinion or feelings, although important in its own right, must be supported by rational argument or justification (with supporting details) acceptable to a reasonable person. Position paper should consist of the following parts: 1. An Introduction – where you state the purpose of the paper and what you intend to show. This might include summarizing the main parts of your paper. 2. An Explication – where you explain the basis for the philosophical view you are examining. Be sure to present this argument or thesis as persuasively as possible. 3. The Counter – Argument where you present objections to the thesis and give your supporting reasons for those objections. 4. The Resolution of the Problem – where you either support the original view by overcoming the counter arguments or you reject the original view by showing the objections constitute unanswerable difficulties. (If you cannot take either of these two positions, then explain carefully why the problem cannot be solved in its present form. On many philosophical issues this is the best course to take. In such a case, try to suggest what further work needs to be done.) 5. A Conclusion – where you restate the purpose of th e paper and summarize the main parts. Finally, restate your position. Kinds of Position Paper Kinds of Position Paper Position papers can be written for academic and advocacy purposes depending on the goal of the writer. Professors and researchers publish their latest research while explaining their methods in academic position papers. Position papers written by gubernatorial candidates, non-profit leaders and religious groups offer evidence as well as solutions to major problems. These papers assume a position as well as a desired remedy with the goal of demonstrating a position different from the status quo. * Internal Position Papers This type of position paper is intended as a preparatory tool for the individuals on your delegation and for the delegation as a whole. Internal position papers are very valuable tools for individual preparation, as they force students to think about the full complexity of the issues they are confronting from your delegation’s perspective. Also, by asking students to put their ideas in writing, an internal position paper can force each student to condense a large amount of research and ideas into a small, more comprehensible argument from your nation’s perspective. These types of position papers do not need to be more than one or two pages in length and may be written either in paragraph form or with bullet points for each unique idea/issue in the topic area. Also, the entire delegation can benefit from each individual’s work if these papers are copied and shared with each group member, thus providing a more well-rounded view of the represented country’s p ositions on all issues. * Public Position Papers This type of position paper is intended as a public statement of your country’s positions on the topics being discussed. It should include brief statements about where your country stands on the issue in question and on what has done to confront this issue. It should also include your country’s public position on the options. Uses of Position Paper Write a position paper to: * Organize and outline your viewpoint on an issue * Formally inform others of your position as a foundation to build resolution to difficult problems * Present a unique, though biased, solution or a unique approach to solving a problem * Frame the discussion in order to define the â€Å"playing field.† This can put you in an advantageous position with those who may not be so well prepared as regards the issues behind their positions * Establish your credibility. Here you are demonstrating that you have a command of the issues and the research behind them, and can present them clearly * Let your passion be demonstrated in the force of your argument rather than in the use of emotional terms * Guide you in being consistent in maintaining your position in negotiation What are the objectives of writing a position paper? * Formally inform others of your position or viewpoint in an issueas a foundation to build resolution to difficult problems. * Present a unique, though biased, solutionor a unique approach to solving a problem * Frame the discussion in order to define the â€Å"playing field.† This can put you in an advantageous position with those who may not be so wellprepared as regards the issues behind their positions * Establish credibilityHere you are demonstrating that you have a command of the issues and the researchbehind them, and can present them clearly * Let your passion be demonstrated in the force of your argumentrather than in the use of emotional terms * Consistency is a key her Directions for Writing a Position Paper * Choose a topic that has has two clear sides and that you have an opinion about. Topics can come from the news, popular culture, school or anywhere. All that matters is that your position is valid, can be defended and the counter position can be argued against. These are the main parts of the position paper. * Create an outline of the topic and list your position and points in your favor, as well as the counter position and arguments against it. You will use this as a plan for the paper and will often refer to it when writing. * Write the introduction by stating the problem and your position. The introduction is the reader’s first impression of the paper, so it should be concise and interesting. The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, and should contain your thesis statement. Your thesis statement will clearly present your position on the issue and the purpose of the paper. * Create the main body of the paper using the points from the outline. Each paragraph should address a different point that supports your main argument. Each point should be stated and defended using logical reasoning and information from appropriate sources. Present evidence in the form of statistics, interviews from experts and academic articles and other credible sources. Do not simply state your opinions; back them up with evidence. * Debate the other side after writing the points for your argument. Throughly research opposing arguments, and then defend your own position against those counter-positions. * Give the audience a summary of your position in the summary, but do not repeat the introduction and body. Add possible courses of action or solutions to the problem, but do not introduce new questions with the conclusion. You want the reader to feel satisfied and convinced.

Merck case report Essay Example

Merck case report Essay Example Merck case report Essay Merck case report Essay Disregarding Mr.. Mercers philosophy, the program suggests to not Invest In drug rights due to an overall loss of $260,000. Phase One: The KILL-798 product has been under testing phases for six months. Based on Kappa Labs project team research there Is a 60% chance of Phase One successful completion. If Merck were to buy the product rights, the cost Incurred to complete this would be $5 million. The software states there Is a chance of Phase One failing resulting in a loss of $35 million. If the first round proves successful then Merck faces the decision of progressing to Phase Two. Phase Two: If Merck decides to advance into Phase Two there presents a multitude of opportunities. The first decision involves treating just obesity at 10% likelihood. A 10% chance also exists of the drug treating only high cholesterol. There also is a possibility of the drug effectively addressing both conditions at 30%. The chance of the drug not treating any of the maladies is 50%. The cost of completing Phase Two is $40 million. For each condition that is addressed, the decision remains whether to seek out FDA approval. The program suggests if Phase Two is successful, the many has two feasible options, to produce a drug for Just obesity or attain a drug that combats both obesity and cholesterol. The more practical decision for the company is to produce a drug that addresses only obesity since there is a higher overall profit as compared to producing a drug that targets both maladies. The drug that targets only obesity has an overall benefit of $197. Million, whereas the drug that targets both has an overall benefit of $160. 5 million. FDA Approval: The decision tree advises Merck to seek out FDA consent. For the product that treats only obesity, there is a 75% chance of receiving FDA acceptance. This would cost Merck $50 million to go through with this process. After seeking approval, the company Is faced with the decision whether or not to market the drug. If the drug Is approved and marketed, a gain of $43 0 million will be attained. The next option Is to decide If we should continue on to FDA approval for the drug that treats only cholesterol. Decision Tree Analysis advises Merck to not continue with this process even though a 75% chance exists of attaining approval. The cost of seeking acceptance Is $50 million. The third option Is to decide on seeking FDA acceptance for a drug that treats tooth maladies. According too detailed analysis, producing this drug Is also a viable option, although the benefit would be less than producing for only obesity. Sensitivity Analysis: The first analysis conducted was on attaining success in Phase I Nils apneas Is extremely sensitive up until purportedly up until tens percentage, the expected value is negative. Any probability greater than 60% results in a positive expected value. If the probability increases by 1%, the program decision will change to suggest the company to move forward (please refer to Decision Tree 2). For the second sensitivity analysis, we set the option with the highest possibility as the constant, which is the decision to produce neither drug. This option also proves to be very sensitive at the 50% probability mark. If the percentage were to be greater than 50%, then it would not be optimal to move forward. The last analysis involved the probability of both drugs receiving FDA approval. Like the previous two analysis, a value higher than 60% will result in an expected value that is positive. This results in the drugs receiving acceptance. Consensus: According to Decision Tree footwear, the optimal recommendation is to not purchase drug rights. This results in neither profits or losses, and the optimal situation for the Merck organization. If the firm were to first hire a consulting firm to research the probability of success in phase one and the consultants prove that success is viable, the value of providing this information results in an overall benefit of $57. 9 million. This provides a $55. 3 million difference from not hiring a consultant of $2. 635. Therefore, Merck could acquire a consultant up until the cost of this difference (please refer to Decision Tree 3).

Bank War Essays - Financial Crises, Free Essays, Term Papers

Bank War Essays - Financial Crises, Free Essays, Term Papers Bank War Did the Bank War cause the Panic of 1837? Richard Hofstadter from The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It believes President Andrew Jackson?s refusal to recharter the Bank of the United States was politically popular but economically harmful to the long-term growth of the United States. Peter Tenim, from The Jacksonian Economy, believes international factors, such as changes in the monetary policies of the Bank of England, the supply of silver from Mexico, and the price of southern cotton, were far more important than Jackson?s banking policies in determining fluctuations in the 1830s economy. The two intelligent men present their facts and arguments well and make it hard for the reader to mold their opinion for either side. After reading both arguments and thoroughly reviewing the facts stated, I took the side of Peter Tenim by saying that the war against the Bank of the United States was not the cause of the Panic of 1837. I have to agree with Mr. Tenim simply because there were more factors present in his opinion involving the Panic of 1837. The opinion of Mr. Hofstadter revolved around one factor, which was the war against the Bank of the United States. In order to somewhat disprove Mr. Hofstadter?s theory, I believe we have to analyze the relationship between President Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, who at the time was the President of the Bank. Mr. Jackson was very much a man of the middle class. He believed in the American dream of becoming an entrepreneur and the opportunity to create wealth for oneself. He disliked the cheap and sometimes-worthless paper money the banks printed. The only money he trusted was hard money, gold and silver. He was especially bitter against the Bank of the United States, which with its monopoly of the government?s business was a symbol of all hated special privilege. He thought it was evil as well as unconstitutional, and he loathed it. More impo! rtantly though, he was a person who had experience using the so-called capital makers of the time and trying to start businesses. For example, the one time in his career President Jackson owned land, which he sold to various individual and received notes as payments. Unfortunately, these buyers were unable to pay back the notes and President Jackson lost his land. He then had to start from scratch. He also had become a debtor and due to financial hardships, he was unable to pay off his own debts. President Jackson was faced with a double-sided sword because people were unable to repay the debts owed to him, while at the same time he could not pay the debts he owed to others. Nicholas Biddle, on the other hand, was an entirely different man. Biddle knew how Jackson felt about the Bank but wanted the President to be on good terms with it. Henry Clay, though, saw the Bank issue as a way to defeat Jackson in the 1832 election. Clay induced Biddle to apply for a new charte! r for the Bank early in 1832. He believed that if Jackson dared to veto the recharter bill, he would lose the election. The plan did not go according for Mr. Clay and Mr. Biddle and Jackson was still the favorite among the people. President Jackson and Nicholas Biddle were never met good terms with each other and their relationship was one of argument and disagreement. In my opinion, Biddle wanted to keep the Bank of the United States intact for the sole purpose of benefiting the aristocrats and the politically involved. Biddle was not, though, the cause of the Panic of 1837. The depression of the early 1840s was neither as serious as historians assume nor the fault of Biddle. It was primarily a deflation, as opposed to a decline in production, and it was produced by events over which Biddle had little control over. Mr. Jackson?s view of banks was a very distressing one. He, along with the people of his party, believed the same ideology that the banks were in favor of the wealthy and those with political advantage. The only people who benefited from the banks were the ?wall-street? types and

Revising with the Present Perfect

Revising with the Present Perfect Revising with the Present Perfect Revising with the Present Perfect By Maeve Maddox The following item appeared in the column of one-sentence news items on the front page of my morning newspaper: William Bradford Bishop Jr., who was a State Department employee in 1976 when he is suspected of killing his wife, mother and three sons, was added to the FBI’s list of â€Å"Ten Most Wanted Fugitives,† drawing renewed attention to the case. Conveying a coherent report in 50 words or less is quite a feat, and the writers in my paper usually do an amazingly good job of it. Nevertheless, this strange assortment of verb tenses left my grammar nerve twitching. The principal fact being reported is that the FBI has added Bishop to the list of â€Å"Most Wanted Fugitives.† Next in importance is the reason for which Bishop was added to the list: he is a suspected murderer. Last in importance is the fact of Bishop’s employment at the time of the murders. All three facts refer to past events, so present tense is definitely does not belong. Changing the is to was would help, but then we would have: â€Å"Bishop, who was an employee in 1976 when he was suspected, was added to the list.† Not only does this revision produce a litany of three wases in a row, it obscures the most recent event being reported: the fact that the man has been added to the â€Å"Most Wanted Fugitives† list. What we need is a tense that will distinguish the most recent past from the remoter past. Enter the present perfect: William Bradford Bishop Jr., suspected of killing his wife, mother and three sons in 1976 when he was a State Department employee, has been added to the FBI’s list of â€Å"Ten Most Wanted Fugitives,† drawing renewed attention to the case. Both was added (simple past) and has been added (present perfect) describe completed actions, but the present perfect describes a completed action that is still relevant in the present. The present tense auxiliary has adds an immediacy to the news item that alerts the reader to which of the three facts being reported is the most recent. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†30 Nautical Expressions

Birch Paper Company CASE Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Birch Paper Company - Case Study Example Brunner was adamant on that issue and claimed he had invested much in that development. Decentralization of the various units is successful as proven by the increased proceeds from each division. The significant result of the decentralization is the enhancement in the design of the boxes. If the company were still operating under the Birch Company, no manager would have taken the initiative to invest in the development of boxes. Decentralization has undermined the cooperation among the divisions. If the management was centralized, the selling of the supplies to the divisions would have been coordinated. The selling prices for the supplies would have been favorable. Mr. Brunner had invested heavily in the research and development of boxes and expected high returns. Yes, he is not considering the overall profitability of Birch Company and competition from other box producers. The best bid for the best interest of Birch Company is that of Eire Papers. This is because the bid is cheaper than that of Thompson division. The commercial vice-president should intervene on that matter. If he fails, the future of Thompson division will be at stake due to its high prices. He should advice Mr. Brunner to reduce the prices for its

Respone Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respone - Case Study Example This excerpt brings out Alice as a hard working. I was especially moved by the fact that even though she had worked her way up to become a biomedical engineer, she was still able to deliver the free medical supplies in poor countries. As a result, she feels that she has made a difference. However, the author points out that Alice was fascinated by the trips to South America and Africa (Sheehan 634). This is quite confusing since the trips are quiet out of the objectives of the company. I therefore did not get the connection between the fulfillments that Alice got and the deliverance of medical supply. In my opinion, the act of hiring Zigda to redesign their website is quite commendable. In fact, Zigda worked at a smaller fee than usual. This reduced the company’s expenses which is the dream of every rational manager. I however felt that with the knowledge that Zigda had concerning soft-wares would enable them to know that it would be hard for computers, more so in Africa and South America to Access the website. It was therefore clear that the author was trying to show how Zigda, with or without the knowledge of Kent, was trying to lock out the communication channel between them and the poor countries. In my opinion, I felt that the company had diverged from its core objective and responsibility and therefore Alice needed to be brave and tell Kent, the manager, how the website had hindered the effective communication between the organization and the individuals from the poor countries. Employers and employees have constantly found it hard to associate with relative ease to each other, more so on the social aspects. Socialization is however a process that cannot be avoided at all costs. In this excerpt, Henry is faced by a dilemma on whether to accept Hamilton’s Facebook friend request or not. This paper therefore aims at what Henry should do in order to eliminate this problem. Firstly, I

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 16

Reflection paper - Essay Example the two are similar to those proposed by many other Americans such as Booker T Washington and Du Bois among others who develop unique philosophies through which they thought would change the lives of the African American minorities in their times. The history of the United States is characterized with a period of slavery succeeded with one of intense racial discrimination. During both periods, the African American minority faced numerous predicaments owing to the lowly state in the society. Even after the emancipation of slaves, the freed African Americans faced intense discrimination coupled with general disadvantaged position owing to their lack of education among other fundamental rights and privileges. As such, different iconic African Americans worked with non-governmental organizations among other types of platform to fight for the rights of the population with the view to improving the standards of the population in the country. Key among such individuals were William Edward Burghardt Du  Bois and Booker Taliaferro Washington both of whom fronted different ideas in their attempt to finding a lasting solution to the problems the African minority groups faced in the country. The two were among the few African Americans who received quality education thus becoming philosophers. As such, they fronted specific philosophies they believed would help African Americans improve their living standards in the society. The two iconic black philosophers lived in different times and locations a feature that influenced their ideologies. The two fronted different philosophies in their attempt to free the blacks from the various forms of social oppression. Booker T. Washington was born of slave parents. As such, he worked hard to become one of the earliest educated African Americans in the country. He faced renewed discrimination of the African Americans owing to the formulation and implementation of the Jim Crow discriminatory laws. W. E. B. Du  Bois on the other hand was

Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment - Coursework Example This has resulted in downgrading of economies as well as reduction in growth forecasts for various countries around the world by leading agencies like S&P, IMF etc (The Guardian, 2011). The fluctuation in the economy as well as rise in deficits has led to various kinds of spending cuts on the parts of the government of various countries around the globe. The fierce economic swinging in the recent times has also produced severe fluctuations of indexes of industrial productions in various established economies like the US for a prolonged period. Many of the industries belonging to various sectors like hospitality, agriculture, retail etc. have been severely affected. (THE WESTERN UNION COMPANY, p.19) This fluctuation in industrial production has in turn resulted in significant cost cutting by the companies around the world, which in turn affected the job market and thereby hampering consumer spending (AccaGlobal, p.7). The operations of Western Union highly include the transfer of fina nces on the part of the consumers as well as business houses to various parts of the world. The gloomy scenario emerging out of the inability to resolve the ongoing Euro crisis by the national political parties has led to prolonged variations in job opportunities there by immensely hampering the spending on the part of the consumers. (National Bureau of Economic Research, P.9) The peer reviewed article highlights the problems that arose in the auto industry in the US during the 2008-2011 periods as a culmination of low sales, high structural costs as well as debts (Klier and Rubenstein, p.1-21). The paper also discusses the related governmental procedures that happened during that period ranging from the unavailability of a consensual decision to provide support to the carmakers to the issuance of financial assistance for a short span by the outgoing political party. The paper rightfully discusses

Online Business and E-Commerce Services in Libya as a developing Literature review

Online Business and E-Commerce Services in Libya as a developing country - Literature review Example Before E-Commerce can be adopted on a wide scale, however, there are many obstacles to be overcome. This chapter reviews the literature in terms of issues to be considered when planning the expansion of online business and e-commerce services in a developing country. The introductory section looks at definitions of e-commerce and theories as they apply to developing countries. Section 2.2. is wide-ranging and covers a selection of the large number of empirical studies conducted in different developing countries across the world. After this (Section 2.3) there is a consideration of previous work done on the readiness of society to accept and use e-commerce within developing countries with Arabic language and culture. Finally the literature on e-commerce potential in Libya is reviewed, including any specific challenges facing this particular context. The term â€Å"e-commerce† emerged in the late twentieth century with the increasing use of computers in everyday life. It can be defined very simply as â€Å"goods and services transacted over Internet† (Purohit and Purohit, 2005, p. 8) A more expansive definition is the following: â€Å"the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions through telecommunications networks† (Zwass, 1996 and 2003, p. 8) This definition emphasises the importance of all the links in the chain from supplier to business and to customer. Zwass is keen to point out that it is not simply a matter of customers and businesses being linked through the World Wide Web by means of computers, but in fact it is a phenomenon that requires radically different organisational developments behind the scenes, involving both telecommunications and computers: â€Å"The most important of these are interorganizational information systems, standa rds for exchanging business documents, such as electronic data interchange (EDI), distributed database management systems, and collaboration technology.† (Zwass, 2003, p. 9) All of these dimensions are widely available in the developed world, and research in improving them, increasing innovation and leveraging more efficiency and profits from their use is continuing at a fast pace. Current interest in newer technologies such as digital signatures is growing but their usefulness in developing countries is questionable, since most transactions there depend on longstanding company to company relationships and there is a reluctance to enter into B2b relationships with people who are not familiar. (Humphrey et al, 2003, p. i) The phenomenal success of huge global retailers such as eBay and Amazon have demonstrated the value in creating flexible market places, with standard pricing, auctions and customer participation in both buying and selling as part of the whole business culture. One meta-analysis of articles on the adoption of online shopping cited the dot com bubble and the sudden crisis that occurred there as a reason why the early promise of huge growth in online business did not quite occur in the way that was originally predicted. (Chang et al., 2004) but all the signs are that these teething problems have been dealt with, and E-Commerce is

Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment - Coursework Example This has resulted in downgrading of economies as well as reduction in growth forecasts for various countries around the world by leading agencies like S&P, IMF etc (The Guardian, 2011). The fluctuation in the economy as well as rise in deficits has led to various kinds of spending cuts on the parts of the government of various countries around the globe. The fierce economic swinging in the recent times has also produced severe fluctuations of indexes of industrial productions in various established economies like the US for a prolonged period. Many of the industries belonging to various sectors like hospitality, agriculture, retail etc. have been severely affected. (THE WESTERN UNION COMPANY, p.19) This fluctuation in industrial production has in turn resulted in significant cost cutting by the companies around the world, which in turn affected the job market and thereby hampering consumer spending (AccaGlobal, p.7). The operations of Western Union highly include the transfer of fina nces on the part of the consumers as well as business houses to various parts of the world. The gloomy scenario emerging out of the inability to resolve the ongoing Euro crisis by the national political parties has led to prolonged variations in job opportunities there by immensely hampering the spending on the part of the consumers. (National Bureau of Economic Research, P.9) The peer reviewed article highlights the problems that arose in the auto industry in the US during the 2008-2011 periods as a culmination of low sales, high structural costs as well as debts (Klier and Rubenstein, p.1-21). The paper also discusses the related governmental procedures that happened during that period ranging from the unavailability of a consensual decision to provide support to the carmakers to the issuance of financial assistance for a short span by the outgoing political party. The paper rightfully discusses

Reflecting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Reflecting - Essay Example However, I attained this skill through developing a plan of study time and adequate rest breaks that allowed me to concentrate during my work and avoid any distractions (Forsyth 39). In this case, I will capable of utilizing the library for my study since it offered me ambient environment that is free from noise distractions. A core aspect in managing my time is prioritization of tasks depending on their urgency and importance and I was capable of understanding that important tasks must be granted first priority and most of the time must be devoted towards handling the important tasks that bring the highest benefits to the company (Forsyth 56). In addition, the learning guided me in breaking down tasks so as to accomplish each activity in a progressive manager. This aspect will be useful in my future career since the human resources management functions such as interviewing, recruitment and training are sequential and must be accomplished in a certain progressive pattern that will enable the company to have talented employees (Forsyth 45). Furthermore, I learnt that procrastination hinders time management due to fear of handling the challenging tasks thus leading to time wastage. I believe I will be capable of control distractions such as politics, informal chats and discussions and engage in more challenging work of managing the human resources (Forsyth 67). I have acquired knowledge of how to schedule tasks, set deadlines, avoid stress and persevere by having a positive attitude in my work. In this case, I can schedule the tasks, set challenging and attainable goals, and remain committed to meeting the set deadlines without encountering work-related stress in my career (Forsyth 82). I believe success in my future career will require me to remain assertive and stress-free in handling human resources issues. Composition-1 has taught me the importance of starting early

Why PE Should Be In Every School Essay Example for Free

Why PE Should Be In Every School Essay In high school, students have a full schedule for five days on a week to always study about subjects like mathematics, biology, economy etc. Have a full schedule like that can make the students body and mind disturbed and confused. PE or physical education in high school helps students to refreshed their body and mind in that full busy week of schedule. There are a lot of advantages of PE or sport that many people know, but there also some of disadvantages that few people know about sport or PE. PE, physical education is one of the subjects in high school. PE is an education process through phycical activity, physical exercise or sport to achieve educational purpose. PE is done with well-organized program by the teacher that involve not only the physical activity but also provide a media for the student to explore and to learn the environment. The advantages of PE according to Mahendra (2013), generally said that the advantages of PE in school include the following: 1. Fullfill the needs of the children of move. 2. Introduce the children to the environtment and the potential skill of them. 3. To set up the bneficial of basics skill. 4. Direct the excessive energy to a better way. 5. An simultaneously eduational process of both physically, mentally and emotionally. PE in high school is held once a week so the students can maintain their health routinely on a week. PE also needed by the students to refresh their body and mind from the busy schedule of study on a week. PE or sport also has some disadvantages. If it done excessively, it can affect students health and result in side effects to the body. Exhaustion, of course if you impose your body to work more than before you must feel tired. Physical activity like running or with high intensity can endanger the heart health, it makes your heart bigger. Bigger heart makes you get more tired easily. Another example of high intensity physical activity side effects is blood clots. As experienced by Danielle Yalop from Manchester, England. Yalop had to undergo a rib removal surgery because of blood clots, or Deep Vein Thrombosis. A blood clots that can plug up artery and causing death. Another side effect of excessive physical activity is a headache. If you feel a headache when you are doing or done doing physical activity, it means that your body lacking water or dehydration. Headache is a simptom of dehydration. The more you doing physical activity, the more water leave your body. In addition of the advantages of PE that Mahendra said, PE might help you to keep your body healthy and fit, removing toxins, keep the heart healthy and stable, reducing body fat. Of course you have to exercise regulary as needed and not doing it excessively. PE is important not only in high school but also in elementary and junior high school. Sometimes, PE is considered not necessary by the school committee. PE only considered as a refreshing time so the physical activity and the education not be taken seriously and not done properly. In fact, PE is very important to keep balance between physical education and the primary one. If PE is taken seriously, it can helps developed knowledge and skills that related to social development, self-confident and developed the personal value through participating in a physical activity group. Although PE in some school only considered not necessary, PE is important and every school and student must have and do PE within the busy schedule in scho ol life. If school committe take PE seriously and think that PE is important because of the advantages, they might be doing it twice a week. Hiring a competent PE teacher and well-organized PE program that can help the students maintaining their health , body, mind and help them to upgrade their primary education.

Navel Model to Image Separation in Scanning Tinny Letter

Navel Model to Image Separation in Scanning Tinny Letter Somayeh Komeylian Department of Tel-Communication Engineering, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Armin Mehrabian Department of Medical, Mashhad Medical Science University, Mashhad, Iran Saeed Komeylian Factory of graduated students, Department of Tel-Communication Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran In this paper, a navel model has been introduced to image separation in scanning tinny letter. The proposed model is based on Almeida et al. (2006) model. First, the basic image separation method has been explained, and then the proposed pre-processing methods have been presented. In addition, separation method presents based on two sampled wavelet and contour transform which has adaptive structure. The result showed that proposed model has a good quality with a little runtime. On the other hand, this model which use directional filter bank has better effect in separation with approximately two level of decomposition. Finally, the two mainly proposed algorithms (NSWT and Improved NSCT) shows that, we achieve to really good results which our separated images have absolutely good quality by using preprocessing and these methods simultaneously. Keywords: Image separation; contour let; non-subsample wavelet. When we scan or photograph a paper document, especially if the paper is thin or transparent, the image from the backside often appears on the image from the front page. This is a routine problem which is usually occurs, when the electronic version of an old document or a book is needed. Extracting sources from mixture images is a problem of blind source separation. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the good solutions for this problem, which is done with linear and nonlinear ICA in [3] and [4], respectively. The results show that the nonlinear solution is better, because images are mixed through a nonlinear procedure. In [3] authors use a nonlinear method, which is named MISEP that is based on multilayer perception used in neural network. In the most of ICA methods the result are achieved from adaptive or iterative algorithms, which are time-consuming procedures. Another work was based on the nonlinear de-noising source separation (DSS) method [6]. This method is supposed when two images have independent sources and have different frequency components in the same locations. These conditions are the same as those exist when a source is contaminated by noise. Therefore, nonlinear de-noising might be used for source separation. The separation method used here is similar to that implemented in [6]. However, we believe that human visual perception uses different edge directions in the mixed subjects to separate them. Therefore, we improved the method in [6] which based on exact high frequency separation. As well known, wavelet analysis offers limited directional information in representing image edges when separable one-dimensional transforms are used for images. Minh N. Do and Martin Vetterli developed a true two dimensional representation, called contour let [7], which can capture the intrinsic geometrical structure that is key in visual information. Compare to the recent image representations this construction results in a flexible multi-resolution, l ocal and directional image expansion using contour segments. Moreover, sub sampling process in the wavelet transform change the geometric information of image details like edges. So, non-subsample wavelets are introduced for decomposing the image frequency components with better saving its geometric information. For comparing the results with [6], here we use the images that Mr. B. Luis. Almeidamade in his laboratory. He dealt with a difficult version of image mixture problem, corresponding to the use of onionskin paper, which causes a strong nonlinear mixture. The source and mixture images are shown in figures 1 and 2. More information about images is available in [1] and [2]. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the basic image separation method which is used in this paper. Section 3 introduces the proposed pre-processing methods. Section 4 presents separation method based on non-sub sampled wavelet and non-sub sampled contour let transform which has adaptive str ucture. Section 5 explains the experimental result. Section 6 has some discussions about the results. Section 7 gives the concluding remarks. The nonlinear image separation procedure based on de noising source separation [1] is based on wavelet transform, and uses very basic information about the sources and the mixture procedure. This information is based on two observations: First; the high frequency components (details) of common images are sparse. As a consequence, the wavelet coefficients from two different source images will seldom both have significant values in the same image location. Fig. 1 :Five source image pairs [1]. Second: Each source is more strongly represented in the image acquired from that side of the paper in which that source is printed than in the image acquired from the opposite side. The schematic representation of the separation method is shown in Figure 3. In this figure, the mixed images are first pre-processed by the following relation: where elements of Q matrix is the auto covariance of mixture matrix. This equation applies a linear transformation to the mixed sources. The nonlinear process is based on wavelet analysis which iteratively decomposes the approximation coefficients Aj(the low frequency component) at level j to four components (the approximation at level j+1, and the details in three orientations; horizontal, vertical, diagonal). Fig. 2: Five mixture image pairs after scanning [1]. components (the approximation at level j + 1, and the detail sin three orientations; horizontal, vertical, diagonal). After performing wavelet decomposition on mixed images for a certain number of levels, a competition is performed between the corresponding high frequency components from the two mixture images in each side of paper, according to following equation: are the wavelet coefficients of a given type (for example vertical coefficients at the first decomposition level) of the decomposition of the i th mixture image, x3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢i are the corresponding coefficients from the other mixture image, and a is a parameter that controls the strength of the competition. Fig.3: Schematic representation of wavelet-based separation method[1] This competition was applied to all horizontal, vertical and diagonal wavelet coefficients at all decomposition levels. The competition computes mask mi through a soft winner take all function [1], and then applies this mask to the wavelet high frequency coefficients of the mixture images, so that the coefficients are intensified in the image in which they originally were stronger and weakened in the image in which they were weaker. The separated images then will be synthesized using the wavelet coefficients compute competition in high frequency. In [1], one-dimensional discrete wavelet basis are separately used in horizontal and vertical directions. In the first step we assume the mixing procedure is a linear process and try to estimate the mixing matrix and implement the inverse matrix for separation. Although, we know the linear assumption is not completely right, however, it can be used as a pre-processing step to separate the mixed images. Since the source images are not available, the mixing matrix should be estimated through a statistical approach. The following approach is written for this purpose. If we show the source signals as S, mixture signals X and the mixing matrix as A, then we have: X= AS (4) In equation (5) we assume that the variables are zero-mean. This means we deal with the mean subtracted source and mixture images. From Eq (5) the autocorrelation matrix of mixed images is: From Equation (6) and (7) we could write: (8) (9) Since b>a, then only the plus sign is correct and from equation 6 we have : X1 + X2 = (a2 + b2) (S1 + S2)(11) A. First Pre-processing Method We assume that total energy of pictures before mixing and after that are equal. We use equation 11 and have some manipulation from these simple equations for a and b. a2 + b2 = 1 (12) (13) (14) B. Second Pre-processing Method We assume that when a packet of light emitting from scanner laser, b is the amount of light which went through the paper and a is the amount of light which reflect from first side of paper. In this method, we assume that, the amount of light which go through the paper and the amount of light which reflect back, together are constant. We have: a + b = 1(15) (16) But in this case, when we extract images, the contrast of images is high. For this effect we use modified form of this equation as below: a+b = 1.4(17) (18) C. Third Pre-processing Method We know from equation 5 that: (19) This equation has four undefined parameter and from equation 8 we have three equations. Assume that for normal deviation of mixture images and primary image we have: (20) This is the other equation to solve four undefined parameters. By solving(19),we can determine a and b. : (21) Where s1 and s2 are separated sources through a linear process. Fig.4: Result of implementing the proposed pre-processing method Since, we estimated the mixing matrix through non-exact assumptions it should be examined to show how it can separate the mixed images. Therefore we applied these three pre-processing method.We see that these three equation which derive from previous assumption has approximately the same extraction Figure (4-a) shows the mixed and processed images. From Fig4 b) we can see the proposed linear process 3 could approximately separate the mixed images. Although, s1 and s2 are not completely separated, we use the linear process as pre-processing step and those may be used for final separation through the nonlinear process that will be explained in the next section. The results of applying our pre-processing method to one pair of mixed images are shown in Fig. 4. The results show that the proposed method has partly separated the mixed images. The most important goal of this separation method is to obtain a sparse edge and contours of images that are placedin high frequency component of images. Wavelets for decomposition is not good [9] because when we use wavelets, in each level of decomposition, a down sampler shrink the size of the remainder and competition in high frequency is not exact and when we reconstruct image from that, blocking effect appear. Because assume the size of image is odd. In down sampling we have not an exact decomposition and in reconstruction, images dont have a good quality and appear some block. In first method we use NSWT which approve those blocking effect. This method has very short runtime and is acceptable for approximately all application. The other method is based on NSCT. This method is composed of pyramid decomposition and directional filter bank. Pyramid decomposition is shown in figure5 and directional filter bank is shown in figure 6. When we use these two decomposition at the same time we have a composed method which is shown in figure 7. Fig.5: Pyramid Decomposition Fig.6: Directional filter bank Directional filter bank have a good property that can describe diagonal line in pictures and if we use it for separation we have a better result. For each decomposed frequency based part, we use our well-known mask which is described before. We present an adaptive form of NSCT which is announced below. Fig.7: Combining two methods We first decompose in first level and apply separation mask. Then we reconstruct images and use correlation factor among them. If it is too low for example 0.01, extraction is good. If it is higher than some threshold we decompose image in further level and use separation mask. In this method, it is not necessary that we define decomposition level at first. NSCT has other good performance which is shift invariant. This property has no blocking effect. In this section we present experimental result from our method which are NSWT and improved NSCT. These two methods have an approximately complete separation result. First method has low runtime but in order to compare it with NSCT, the last one has a better separation result because we use directional filter bank and it could better separate high frequency in two images in every direction which we want. In NWST we use 6 and 7 level decomposition and since it has fast algorithm to decompose picture in wavelet form. In improved NSCT we use an adaptive form which it has little runtime and can separate in each direction we want. In figure 8 we show the experimental result for NSWT and in figure 9 we show the other one for NSCT. Fig.8: The result with NSWT Fig.9: The result with improved NSCT We see from the results that, our separation methods have better results in compare with the proposed methods in references. In our case, we derive very simple equations that can separate two mixture images linearly, which leads to a from the results that, our separation methods have better results in compare with the proposed methods in references. In our case, we derive very simple equations that can separate two mixture images linearly, which leads to a time-efficient algorithm. The two mainly proposed algorithms (NSWT and Improved NSCT) shows that by using preprocessing and these methods simultaneously, we achieve to really good results and our separated images, have absolutely good quality. In this paper we present a new preprocessing method which has a simple function and high precision in separating mixture images with linear form. Also we use two other separation rule that approximately separate images completely. NSWT has a good quality with a little runtime. On the other hand, NSWT which use directional filter bank has better effect in separation with approximately two level of decomposition. References [1] Mariana S.C. Almeida and Luis B. Almeida, Wavelet Based Nonlinear Separation Of images, Instituto de Telecommuincacoes, Lisboa, Portugal, 1-4244-0657 -9/06, 2006 IEEE. [2] Luis.B.Almeida,http://www.lx.it.pt/~lbameida/ica/seethrough/index.html. [3] L.B. Almeida, MISEP-Linear and Nonlinear ICA Based On Mutual Information, Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 4, pp. 1297-1318, 2003 [4] L.B. Almeida, Separating a Real-life Nonlinear Image Mixture, Journal Of Machine Learning Research, vol.6, pp. 1199-1229, July 2005. [5] Mariana S.C Almeida and Luis B Almeida, Wavelet Based Separation of Show-through and Bleed-through Image Mixtures, Instituto de Telecommuincacoes, Lisboa, Portugal, November 2007. [6] M.S.C.Almeida, H.Valpola and j. Sarela, Separation Of Nonlinear Image Mixtures By Denoisind Source Separation in Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, J. Rsca, D. Erdogus, J.principe and S.Haykin, Eds.,Belin,Germany,2006 [7] Duncan D., Y. Po and Minh N. Do, Directional Multi-scale Modeling of Images Using the Contourlet Transform, IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol. 15, Issue 6, Jun 2006, p.p.1610-1620 [8] AzadehBamdadMoghadam, NSCT based for image extraction, Master of science Thesis in Iran University of Science and Technology,Spring2008. [9] Gonzalez and Woods, Digital Image Processing 3rd Edition 2008.

ten commandments :: essays research papers

The Ten Commandments monument should be removed is because it was put there dishonestly. If the circumstances of this situation were different, in that case I would agree that the Ten Commandments monument should stay. Then I take into consideration how the monument ended up in the public courthouse, and I can see why it should be removed. Perhaps the monument should not go away where it will never be seen again, but taken to a place where it can be seen by anyone that wishes. At the beginning of this whole ordeal, I was right beside those who protested the removal of the monument. I thought about the First Amendment right: Freedom of Religion. Chief Justice Moore and his anonymous helpers took it upon themselves to put the monument there. But after I found out how the monument was placed there without consent of the court. This gave me one good reason why the monument should be moved. The next reason I think it should be moved is for the very reason that it is in a public courthouse. Yes, the first amendment does protect Freedom of Religion but whose religion? It doesn’t state any religion, whether the religion is Christianity, Buddhism, or paganism. Each and every one of us is entitled to the freedom of our own religion. This is a public courthouse where people of all religions come for justice. So another reason why it should be moved is because someone who comes to the courthouse might be offended by the Ten Commandments because they are of another religion. Also, they have to take into consideration the broad meaning of freedom of religion. So, let’s say the monument stays for the very reason of â€Å"Freedom of Religion†. Are Chief Justice Moore and his accomplices going to be okay with someone of the atheist religion sneaking into the courthouse one night and making a display of his religion? This would have to be okay because everyone is entitled to their right to freedom of religion. Before we know what is happening we will have monuments and displays everywhere. This is another reason why the monument should be moved because if it is okay this one time, then where does it stop. I‘m not saying that this monument should be taken away and destroyed, I‘m saying that these people who want it on display should spend less time protesting and more time raising money to have a place built for their precious monument.

Blacks and Latinos in America Essay -- American History Culture Ethnic

Blacks and Latinos in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through our readings of the Mexicans in the U.S. and the African-American experience modules, we begin to understand the formation of identity through the hardships minorities faced from discrimination. In this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the ideas of identity shown through the readings. These two modules exemplify the theme of identity. We see how Blacks and Latinos tried to find their identity both personally and as a culture through the forced lifestyles they had to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity is one of the main questions throughout all of our readings, because it is hard for people to accept who they are in society. Accepting their identity as a minority with little if any freedoms sparks many of the social problems which I will show happening in all communities and cultures. The main issue we will discuss is how social environments effect the search for identity. The Mexicans in the U.S. module gives us examples how Mexicans try to keep their customs while living in a discriminated environment by the Whites. This module also gives us examples how people are searching for personal identity while struggling with cultural traditions. Finally, the African-American module gives us more examples to compare with the Mexicans in the U.S. module, because these readings deal with Blacks finding personal identity also through discrimination from the Whites. To properly understand the theme of identity, we must first look the factors influencing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first influence we see in both modules is discrimination. The Whites as a whole did not give any acceptance towards both cultures. There were several barriers keeping the Blacks and Mexicans from breaking the lines between them and the Whites. First, the Whites saw both groups of people as minorities. They felt both subcultures were unequal from the beginning, therefore holding discriminating beliefs about the cultures from which both groups came from. Also, the Whites were very angry with these groups, who were trying to share the same freedoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, both the Blacks and Mexicans lived through their cultures and traditions from ancestors. It was very hard for either group to compete with the Whites' economy and lifestyles while keeping their beliefs strong. Now that we have an understanding of the influences on both groups' identity struggles, we w... ...d upon them as the Mexicans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm is told by his 8th grade teacher to think realistically about career goals. He is told to drop his ideas of becoming a lawyer, and look into the field of carpentry, which was a stereotypical Black job. Blacks were being discriminated against in all aspects of their lives. Even as maturing students, they were told what to do with their lives, simply because Whites did not believe Blacks should hold the same freedoms. In the movie, Eye on the Prize, we see how Blacks tried to keep their cultural values while living in the "White mans world." Like the Mexicans, Blacks had a societal identity, yet they faced many hardships in trying to find their personal identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we have seen, the role of identity is a key issue in our history. The discrimination and stereotypes pressed upon the Blacks and Mexicans changed their ideas of personal and social identity. The factors that influence identity also made the understanding of this idea hard for both groups. The role that identity played in both groups was a key concept for them to understand in creating their new individuality in the "White America."

7 main approaches in psychology Essay

*Many psychologists may believe that each perspective has valid explanations depending on the specific situation, and this point of view is called eclectic. This term refers to the claim that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Psychologists tend to use various perspectives in their work depending on which point of view fits best with the explanation. Humanistic (1950s-Present) Carl Rogers-Person-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs and Self-Actualization Unique aspects of human experience Belief that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional or spiritual needs. Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (1900-Present) Sigmund Freud-Personality and States of Consciousness Carl Jung-the most important and lifelong task imposed upon any person is fulfillment through the process of individuation, achievement of harmony of conscious and unconscious, which makes a person one and whole Alfred Adler-â€Å"IndividualPPsychology,† a term which is sometimes misunderstood. It refers to the indivisibility of the personality in its psychological structure. Unconscious determinants of behavior Belief that the unconscious mind—a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access to—controls much of our thought and action. Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders.  Roger Sperry-showed that if the two hemispheres of the brain are separated by severing the corpus callosum (the large band of fibers that connects them), the transfer of information between the hemispheres ceases, and the coexistence in the same individual of two functionally different brains can be demonstrated. George Miller-The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information Physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior. How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary/Darwinian (Also called sociobiologists) (1980s-Present) David Buss-His primary interests include the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies; conflict between the sexes; prestige, status, and social reputation; the emotion of jealousy; homicide; anti-homicide defenses; and stalking. Charles Darwin-the Origin of Species in 1850. Evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals. Examines human thought and behavior in terms of natural selection. Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. B.F. Skinner-Operant Conditioning and invented the Skinner Box Effects of environment on the overt behavior of human and animals. Explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning and look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. Belief that only observable events (stimulus response relationships) can be studied scientifically.  Noam Chomsky-Theorized the critical-period for language acquisition Herbert Simon-one of the founding fathers of modern research in artificial intelligence Ulric Neisser-focused on pattern recognition, visual search, brief information processing, and memory. Thoughts; mental process Examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. The rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do. Overall, human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.

Math 533 – Ams

AIMS I will be going over data provided about our customers based oftener location, Income size, household size, years at current location, and the credit balance they carry with our company. Using statistical analysis we can learn more about our customers and hopefully use this information to provide better services to our customers in the future to keep them customers for life.In my analysis I will go over the following: * Customer Location * Customer Income * Store Credit Balance * Credit Balance Compared to Income Level Household Size Compared to Household Location * Household Size Compared to Income Level Where the customer lives, their Income level and the balance they hold with the company are good Indicators of customer loyalty. Extending credit to our customers is a good faith way of us showing the customer that we want their business and are willing to take time to pay off their purchases.Before I fully analyze the numbers I would assume that the greater the income level th e more they are charging. They have the financial meaner to pay the monthly payments and can keep a high balance. Customer location is important because it can help tell us how often you frequent the store. Someone in an urban area might shop 4+ times a month, where someone in a rural area might only shop once a month. But the person shopping 4+ times a month might be spending less than the person living in the rural area who can only come once a month because of distance Issues.Credit balance compared to Income level shows us how much higher Income customers are spending. Comparing the household size to the location can give us a feel for where the families are living marred to the single parent or single person households are. You can use this kind of information to market and advertise special sales as necessary. Finally household size compared to the income level will show us how much large families are spending and how often. This can also be useful to market big sales.Customer Location The above representation is a pie chart which shows are clients' demographic locations. Of the 50 customers used in our sampling the greatest numbers of our clients are In the Urban region, with the rural region being the least frequented. Of the sample we concluded that: eve In an urban area live in a suburban area * 26% live in a rural area This is in my opinion an expected outcome. The ability to come to our store is much greater for those living in suburban and urban areas because it is closer to their proximity.While residents in the rural communities do frequent our stores they do so on a less frequent basis. Further investigation might be able to show that rural residents could possibly shop less frequently, but spend more per trip than someone in the urban area. Customer Income This simple bar graph shows the income level in the $1,000

New Driving Laws in Queensland, Australia Essay

New Driving Laws in Queensland, Australia - Essay Example The essay "New Driving Laws in Queensland, Australia" talks about the relevant legislations impacting the new driving laws in Queensland, Australia, and the major provisions of the various Acts and their relevance to the issue. Drivers in Australia require a valid driver's license. Licenses from other countries may be accepted for limited stays in Australia; details vary by State. Typically, foreign licenses in English are considered valid for driving in Australia for visitors with visitor's visas. In other cases, an International Driving Permit is required, issued in your home country before arrival in Australia. Also, you are permitted to drive an American (left-hand drive) car in Australia, providing that you have the license to do so. Use of seat belts is compulsory in Australia for drivers and all vehicle passengers, and infants must be secured with approved safety capsules and harnesses. Seatbelt laws are strictly enforced, and the onus is on the driver to ensure all passengers are buckled in. Penalties apply to the driver of the vehicle and include demerit points, license suspension, and heavy fines. The road rules are strictly enforced in Australia, especially speed limits. Speed limits vary depending on road conditions, area and State. Speed limits change at regular intervals so keep an eye out for them. The road rules are strictly enforced in Australia, especially speed limits. Speed limits vary depending on road conditions, area and State. Speed limits change at regular intervals.

Fundamental of International Buisness Master Essay

Fundamental of International Buisness Master - Essay Example CPC's production facilities are decentralized according to the four regions in which it operates, following the principle of having the right product in the right store at the right time. Using SAP software for more effective management of logistics and promotional investments, reduction of out-of-stocks, and excellent customer service, it has production and R&D facilities in the following countries: CPC has a stable of global brands that include the following: Colgate, Palmolive, Kolynos, Sorriso, Elmex, Mennen, Protex, Softsoap, Irish Spring, Ajax, Soupline, Suavitel, Hill's Science Diet, and Hill's Prescription Diet. Its product formulations (Annual Report, 2004, pp. 8-12) are adapted to the country or region where these are sold. The growth rates of exports are higher compared to that of domestic sales, which declined slightly by 0.19% (from $2.744 billion to $2.739 billion) in 2003 and grew by 1.52% (to $2.781 billion) in 2004. Colgate-Palmolive Company (2004). Annual report: investing strategically for profitable growth. New York: Colgate-Palmolive Company. Retrieved November 26, 2005, from http://investor.colgatepalmolive.com/downloads/2004Annual.pdf

Electrical and Electronic Engineering laboratory logbook and report Essay

Electrical and Electronic Engineering laboratory logbook and report - Essay Example This arrangement determines the direction of conventional current or electron flow and the polarities of any voltages applied. Concerning the direction of conventional current flow, the arrow at the emitter terminal of the transistor representation for both types of transistors points towards the direction of conventional current flow and therefore offers an important reference. The methods of determining the type of transistor and material used to make it are demonstrated in this experiment including how to identify the three terminals of a transistor (Gates 2012). Transistors are categorized according to: type (PNP or NPN); material used (silicon or germanium); and major application (high frequency, switching or high and low power). Most transistors are labeled with a number used to identify them. They are packaged into different sizes and configurations depending on application requirements. Transistor packages protect them, provide a means of making electrical connections to the three terminals, and act as heat sinks preventing heat damage. The relationship between the currents and the voltages related to a transistor under different conditions of operation determine its performance. These relationships are collectively known as the characteristics of the transistors. These characteristics are published by the manufacturer of a particular transistor in a specification sheet that accompanies the device when purchased. One of the objectives of this laboratory experiment is to experimentally measure these characteristics of transistors and compare them to their published values (Kal 2003). A transistor acts as an amplifier; the basic function of the device is to switch a signal or to provide current amplification of the signal. For this purpose to be achieved, the transistor must be correctly biased by external voltages so that the base, emitter, and collector terminals interact in the

Statement of purpose 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose 3 - Essay Example However, these challenges are not to deter me from continuing with the quest I have vowed to purposefully accomplish in my chosen career which is to teach a foreign language, specifically English to my fellow-Kuwaiti people to advance their own dreams. Teaching has always been a part of me coming from a family of teachers with my father being a Mathematics teacher in intermediate school and my mother, a Kindergarten teacher. Looking up to my parents’ examples, I value the affects one could make in teaching like one anonymous writer said, ‘A good teacher is like a candle- it consumes itself to light the way for others’. My parents and other teachers helped in the molding of my young mind into the person that I am now, a passionate mind voracious to knowledge, ready to be consumed for the process of teaching to continue in my own small way. Teachers allowed themselves to be consumed and were able to bear fruit, building lives that are stable and goal-focused. These, I have seen in my parents, teachers and my personal making as my professors mentioned in their recommendation letters on my behalf describing me as hard-working and a team-player. In addition, they look at me as a student of high moral principles who also displayed a good level of oral and written English communication skills. ... This is the very reason why I like to enroll in the Masters degree in the United Kingdom so I would be exposed to native speakers as well as teachers who have been well-trained to train foreign educators like me. Looking at the programs offered by the University of Brighton, I am drawn to enroll in this prestigious school as it perfectly fits the needs I have right now. I like the idea of being educated in the issues related to English language teaching, exploring in-depth aspects of English and the theory and practice of language teaching in relation to the international context which the school program offers. Its analytical and investigative skills development program also poses a great challenge and excitement to me because I am well aware that research is one difficult task nevertheless, it also is a very educational endeavor that I believe would enhance my analytical abilities. The course structure caught my attention and interest because I know that with the program, my skills would be all the more sharpened as I read quality materials with the guidance of efficient professors as well as with the help of diverse students whom I could learn from. Studying in such a respected university with tried and tested programs would be to me an honor and a privilege because I know that the University of Brighton would not only be recognized because of its location but more so with the quality of education she offers. Being a current employee of the Ministry of Education in Kuwait as an English teacher in intermediate school who just started by the last quarter of last year, I have seen my need for a higher education which I would like to take in the United Kingdom for reasons earlier mentioned. I

Walgreen Store Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Walgreen Store - Speech or Presentation Example Likewise, the kind of training the managers receive before they are given that position would be identified. A SWOT analysis of Walgreens would finally be presented, as required. The leadership position in any business endeavor depends on an interplay of factors that ensure an organization’s success. The CBS Interactive Business Network (2011) released a report conducted by the Drug Store News on the top 30 retail pharmacy chain in the United States and revealed that Walgreens topped all other retail stores in terms of sales in 2004. Second in line is CVS Caremark. However, in the 2010 Drug News Report, the reverse was eminent: CVS overtook the leadership over Walgreens (Drug Store News, 2010). In this regard, the essay aims to proffer a comparative analysis of these two different major retailers of pharmaceutical drugs in terms of determining the significant differences or similarities in management styles and mode of operation.... TRAINING PROGRAMS Walgreens â€Å"robust training programs in place to give our team members every opportunity to explore their interests and reach their goals†¦ from informal enrichment and mentorships to formal certification and training† (Walgreens: Training Programs, 2011, pars. 1 & 2) CVS â€Å"50 training and development programs exist across the Company, including our Emerging  Leaders Program (where) Participants attend development sessions focused on leadership competencies and building  functional skills and knowledge. They are also provided with on-the-job experiences and opportunities to further enhance their leadership skills. Throughout  the development process, they have access to coaches who support their growth as leaders† (CVS: Opportunities, 2011, pars. 1 & 3). Employees in both Walgreens and CVS are highly motivated given the vast opportunities for development through availment of training programs that could earmark productive careers as leaders and in managerial positions in the future. At Walgreens, for example, professional development is encourage through both lateral and vertical movements that expand experience and training in various fields, honing employees’ skills according to their interests and goals. At CVS, through internal promotions and the sheer volume and quality of training programs, employees’ talents and skills are developed through their career service at the organization. As indicated, leaders are developed through the Emerging Leaders Program at CVS and through enrichment, mentorship, formal certification and training at Walgreens. Exemplary performances are duly rewarded in both organizations. At CVS, the rewards and recognition programs are as follows: Paragon Award (â€Å"the highest  honor a colleague can achieve within

Eating with Your Hands Essay Example for Free

Eating with Your Hands Essay Society today is one big melting pot. People bring their customs and cultural traditions and it conglomerates with others creating these norms we follow. We live by, what time has created over time, a status quo, or social rights and wrongs. In the passage, Eating with Your Hands, the author opens the topic about etiquette, one of the major social controversies. She talks about why some foods are only acceptable to be eaten with proper utensils while others can be â€Å"finger food†. It’s true—but why is that a known rule? And why is it frowned upon? The passage has some background history of people groups within certain countries eating food with their hands, and how it almost gives an individual a better sense of what he or she is eating. The author brings up how it’s the meeting of the soul and the skin; whereas silverware places a distance between you and your food. She compares it to that of two people making love—giving food and yourself an intimate relationship. I got the sense that society has changed the soul and feeling behind food and meals due to the kosher norms of modern day etiquette. Personally I have never given thought to how I eat my food in comparison with other cultures. Growing up in twenty-first century America I have always eaten the way Im â€Å"supposed† to; I never gave it a second thought. My culture has almost given me tunnel vision, letting me focus only on what I know as acceptable or natural. This topic opens my mind to what else I might be blinded to. I have never explored what other cultures grow accustomed to like religion, style, relationships, family dynamics or even school. I have always considered myself incredibly fortunate for the life I live, and therefore I never examined the varying cultural aspects of differing nations or people groups. As far as the message of society erasing the intimacy of our meals to ourselves, I can absolutely sympathize with the author’s thoughts. In retrospect, the singular thing that could most certainly bring my family together was the warm meal that awaited us. The physicality of sharing a meal together provided each of us the opportunities to engage, with every member of my family, our singular experiences. Food is a social activity! Assuredly, eating is an activity. When an individual goes out with his or her friends, more often than not they all get dinner together. When one throws a birthday party, a favorite restaurant or catering or favorite home-cooked meal is involved. Social interactions like dating usually incorporate food of some sort. In the generation of everything digital, it is common to take a picture of a meal and post it to a social media. Food has always been a part of social interaction. I do think that society has put a strain on the comfort of eating how we desire, without our conscious recognition. Perhaps because we grew up learning that we couldnt eat spaghetti with both hands.

Calculations of the Spin Structure of Trimer Cr3

Calculations of the Spin Structure of Trimer Cr3 Calculation of Magnetic Properties by Generalized Spin Hamiltonian and Generation  of Global Entanglement: Cr Trimer in molecule and on surface Oleg V. Stepanyuk2, Oleg V. Farberovich1 1 Raymond and Bekerly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences,  School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel 2 Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany Here we present the results of the first-principles calculations of the spin structure of trimer Cr3  with the use of a density-functional scheme allowing for the non-collinear spin configurations in  [1]. Using the results of these calculations we determine the Heisenberg-Dirac-Van Vleck (HDVV)  Hamiltonian with anisotropic exchange couplings parameters linking the Cr ions with predominant  spin density. The energy pattern was found from the effective HDVV Hamiltonian acting in the  restricted spin space of the Cr ions by the application of the irreducible tensor operators (ITO)   technique. Comparison of the energy pattern with that obtained with the anisotropic exchange  models conventionally used for the analysis of this system and with the results of non-collinear  spin structure calculations show that our complex investigations provides a good description of the  pattern of the spin levels and spin structures of the nanomagnetic trimer Cr3. The results are   discussed in the view of a general problem of spin frustration related to the orbital degeneracy of  the antiferromagnetic ground state.   PACS numbers: I. INTRODUCTION Information technologies provide very interesting challenges  and an extremely wide playground in which scientists  working in materials science, chemistry, physics and  nano-fabrication technologies may find stimuli for novel  ideas. Curiously, the nanometre scale is the molecular  scale. So we may wonder whether, how or simply which  functional molecules can be regarded in some ways as  possible components of nanodevices. The goal is ambitious: it is not just a matter to store information in a 3dmetal  trimer on a non-magnetic substrate, but we may  think to process information with a trimer and then to  communicate information at the supramolecules containg  from magnetic 3d-metal trimer on a surface. Spins are alternative complementary to charges as degrees  of freedom to encode information. Recent examples,  like for instance the discovery and application of Giant  magnetoresistance in Spintronics, have demonstrated  the efficient use of spins for information technologies. Moreover, spins are intrinsically quantum entities and  they have therefore been widely investigated in the field  of quantum-information processing. Molecular nanomagnets  are real examples of finite spin chains (1D) or clusters  (0D), and therefore they constitute a new benchmark  for testing models of interacting quantum objects. New physics of molecular magnets feeds hopes of certain  prospective applications, and such hopes pose the  problem of understanding, improving, or predicting desirable  characteristics of these materials. The applications  which come into discussion are, for instance, magnetic  storage (one molecule would store one bit, with  much higher information storage density than accessible  with microdomains of present-day storage media or magnetic  nanoparticles of next future). In order to exploit  the quantum features for information processing, molecular  spin clusters have to fulfil some basic requirements. Magnetic transition metal nanostructures on nonmagnetic  substrates have attracted recently large attention  due to their novel and unusual magnetic properties[2,3]. The supported clusters experience both the  reduction of the local coordination number, as in free  clusters, as well as the interactions with the electronic  degrees of freedom of the substrate, as in embedded clusters.   The complex magnetic behavior is usually associated  with the competition of several interactions, such  as interatomic exchange and bonding interactions, and  in some cases noncollinear effects, which can give rise to  several metastable states close in energy. The ground  state can therefore be easily tuned by external action  giving rise to the switching between different states. In recent years, entanglement has attracted the attention  of many physicists working in the area of quantum  mechanics [1, 2]. This is due to the ongoing research in  the area of quantum information [3]. Theoretical studies  are also important in the context of spin interactions  inside two structured reservoirs [9] such as single magnetic  molecule (SMM) and metal cluster on nonmagnetic  surface. Cr is unique among the transition-metal  adatoms, because its half-filled valence configuration  (3d54s1) yields both a large magnetic moment and strong  interatomic bonding leading to magnetic frustration. We  apply our method to Cr trimers deposited on a Au(111)  surface and the trinuclear hydroxo-bridged chromium  ammine complex [Cr3(NH3)10(OH)4]Br5  · 3H2O. Low-lying excited states of a magnetic system are generally  described in terms of a general spin-Hamiltonian. For a magnetic system with many spin sites, this phenomenological  Hamiltonian is written as a sum of pairwise  spin exchange interactions between adjacent spin  sites in molecule and surface. In the present work we study entanglement between  the spin states in the spin spectrum. In our model, a  spin state interact with a continuum of the spin structure  at interval temperature 0 – 300 K, and entanglement  properties between the spin states in spin structure are  considered. Using global entanglement as a measure of  entanglement, we derive a pair of distributions that can  be interpreted as densities of entanglement in terms of  all the eigenvalue of the spin spectrum. This distribution  can be calculated in terms of the spectrum of spin excitation  of cluster surface and supramolecule. With these  new measures of entanglement we can study in detail  entanglement between the spin modes in spin structure. The method developed here, in terms of entanglement  distributions, can also be used when considering various  types of structured reservoirs [..]. II. THE THEORETICAL APPROACH In order to give a theoretical description of magnetic  dimer we exploit the irreducible tensor operator (ITO)  technique [ITO]. Let us consider a spin cluster of arbitrary  topology formed from an arbitrary number of magnetic  sites, N, with local spins S1, S2,, SN which, in  general, can have different values. A successive spin coupling  scheme is adopted: S1 + S2 = SËÅ"2, SËÅ"2 + S3 = SËÅ"3, , SNËÅ"à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 + SN = S, where ËÅ" S represents the complete set of intermediate spin  quantum numbers SËÅ"k, with k=1,2,,N-1.The eigenstates  | và ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © of spin-Hamiltonian will be given by linear combinations  of the basis states | ( ËÅ" S)SMà ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ©: | và ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © = ÃŽ £ (~S )SM à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨(~S )SM | và ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © | (~S )SMà ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ©, (1) where the coefficients à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨( ËÅ" S)SM | và ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © can be evaluated once  the spin-Hamiltonian of the system has been diagonalized. Since each term of spin-Hamiltonian can be rewritten  as a combination of the irreducible tensor operators  technique[ITO].In [ITO] work focus on the main physical  interactions which determine the spin-Hamiltonian and  to rewrite them in terms of the ITO’s. The exchange  part of the spin-Hamiltonian is to introduced: Hspin = H0 + HBQ + HAS + HAN. (2) The first term H0 is the Heisenberg-Dirac Hamiltonian,  which represents the isotropic exchange interaction, HBQ  is the biquadratic exchange Hamiltonian, HAS is the antisymmetric  exchange Hamiltonian,and HAN represents  the anisotropic exchange interaction. Conventionally,  they can be expressed as follows [ITO]: H0 = −2 ÃŽ £ i;f Jif bSi bSf (3) HBQ = − ÃŽ £ i;f jif ( bSi bSf )2 (4) HAS = ÃŽ £ i;f Gif [ bSi Ãâ€" bSf ] (5) HAN = −2 ÃŽ £ i;f ÃŽ £ _ J_ if bS_ i bS_ f (6) with ÃŽ ± = x, y, z We can add to the exchange Hamiltonian  the term due to the axial single-ion anisotropy: HZF = ÃŽ £ i Di bSz(i)2 (7) where Jif and J_   if are the parameters of the isotropic and  anisotropic exchange iterations, jif are the coefficients of  the biquadratic exchange iterations,and Gif=-Gfi is the  vector of the antisymmetric exchange. The terms of the  spin-Hamiltonian above can be written in terms of the  ITO’s. Both the Heisenberg–Dirac and biquadratic exchange  are isotropic interactions. In fact, the corresponding  Hamiltonians can be described by rank-0 tensor operators  and thus have non zero matrix elements only  with states with the same total spin quantum number  S (ΔS,ΔM=0). The representative matrix can be decomposed  into blocks depending only on the value of S  and M. All anisotropic terms are described by rank-2  tensor operators which have non zero matrix elements  between state with ΔS=0, ±1, ±2 and their matrices can  not be decomposed into blocks depending only on total  spin S in account of the S–mixing between spin states  with different S. The single-ion anisotropy can be written  in terms of rank-2 single site ITO’s [ITO]. Finally,  the antisymmetric exchange term is the sum of ITO’s of  rank-1. The ITO technique has been used to design the MAGPACK  software [ITO1], a package to calculate the energy  levels, bulk magnetic properties, and inelastic neutron  scattering spectra of high nuclearity spin clusters that  allows studying efficiently properties of nanoscopic magnets. A. Calculation of the magnetic properties Once we have the energy levels, we can evaluate different  thermodynamic properties of the system as magnetization,  magnetic susceptibility, and magnetic specific  heat. Because anisotropic interactions are not included,  the magnetic properties of the anisotropic system do not  depend on the direction of the magnetic field. For this  reason one can consider the magnetic field directed along  arbitrary axis Z of the molecular coordinate frame that  is chosen as a spin quantization axis. In this case the  energies of the system will be à Ã‚ µ_(Ms)+geÃŽ ²MsHZ, where  Ãƒ Ã‚ µ_(Ms) are the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian containing  magnetic exchange and double exchange contributions  (index ÃŽ ¼ runs over the energy levels with given total  spin protection Ms). Then the partition function in the  presence of the external magnetic field is given by: Z(HZ) = ÃŽ £ Ms;_ exp[−à Ã‚ µ_(Ms)/kT] ÃŽ £ Ms exp[−geÃŽ ²MsHZ/kT] (8) Using this expression one can evaluate the magnetic susceptibility  Ãâ€¡ and magnetization M by standart thermodinamical  definitions: χ = ( ∂M ∂H ) H!0 (9) M(H) = NkT ∂lnZ ∂H (10) B. Entanglement in N-spin system Entanglement has gained renewed interest with the development  of quantum information science. The problem  of measuring entanglement is a vast and lively field of research  in its own. In this section we attempt to solve the  problem of measuring entanglement in the N-spin cluster  and supramolecules systems. Based on the residual  entanglement [9] (Phys. Rev. A 71, 044301 (2005)), we  present the global entanglement for a N-spin state for the  collective measures of multiparticle entanglement. This  measures introduced by Meyer andWallach[..]. The MeyerWallach  (MW) measure written in the Brennen form (G.K.Brennen,Quantum.Inf.Comp.,v.3,619 (2003)) is: Q(ψ) = 2(1 − 1 N ÃŽ £N k=1 Tr[Ï 2 k]) (11) where Ï k is the reduced density matrix for k-th qubit.   The problem of entanglement between a spin states in  N-spin systems is becoming more interesting when considering  clusters or molecules with a spectral gap in their  densities of states. For quantifying the distribution of  entanglement between the individual spin eigenvalues in  spin structure of N-spin system we use the density of entanglement. The density of entanglement ÃŽ µ(à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ)dà Ã‚ µ gives the entanglement between the spin eigenvalue à Ã‚ µ_ and spin eigenvalue à Ã‚ µ_ with in an energy interval à Ã‚ µ_ to à Ã‚ µ_ + dà Ã‚ µ_. One can show that entanglement distribution can be  written in terms of spectrum of spin exitation S(à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ) = |c_|2 ÃŽ ´(à Ã‚ µ − à Ã‚ µ_) (12) and ÃŽ µ(à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ) = 2S(à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ)S(à Ã‚ µ_, à Ã‚ µ) (13) where coefficient c_ = à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨( ËÅ" S)SM | và ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © is eigenvector of the  spin-Hamiltonian of the cluster or supramolecule. Thus,  entanglement distributions can be derived from the excitation  spin spectrum Q(à Ã‚ µ) = 1− 2Δ2 Ï€2N ÃŽ £N _=1 |c_|2 (à Ã‚ µ − à Ã‚ µ_)2 + Δ2 ÃŽ £N _=_+1 |c_|2 (à Ã‚ µ − à Ã‚ µ_)2 + Δ2 (14) Though the very nature of entanglement is purely  quantum mechanical, we saw that it can persist for  macroscopic systems and will survive even in the thermodynamical  limit. In this section we discuss how it  behaves at finite temperature of thermal entanglement. The states in N-spin system describing a system in thermal  equilibrium states, are determined by the Generalized  spin-Hamiltonian and thermal density matrix Ï (T) = exp(−Hspin/kT) Z(HZ) (15) where Z(HZ) is the partition function of the N-spin system. The thermal entanglement is Q(à Ã‚ µ, T,HZ) = 1 − 2Δ2 Ï€2NZ(HZ)2 ÃŽ £N _=1 |c_|2 exp[−à Ã‚ µ_/kT] (à Ã‚ µ − à Ã‚ µ_)2 + Δ2 Ãâ€" (16) ÃŽ £N _=_+1 |c_|2 exp[−à Ã‚ µ_/kT] (à Ã‚ µ − à Ã‚ µ_)2 + Δ2 The demonstration of quantum entanglement, however,  can also be directly derived from experiments, without  requiring knowledge of the system state. This can be  done by using specific operators–the so-called entanglement  witnesses–whose expectation value is always positive  if the state Ï  is factorizable. It is quite remarkable  that some of these entanglement witnesses coincide  with well-known magnetic observables, such as energy  or magnetic susceptibility χ = dM/dB. In particular,  the magnetic susceptibility of N spins s, averaged over  three orthogonal spatial directions, is always larger than  a threshold value if their equilibrium state Ï  is factorizable: ÃŽ £ g χg > Ns/kBT [EW]. This should not be surprising,  since magnetic susceptibility is proportional to  the variance of the magnetization, and thus it may actually  quantify spin.spin correlation. The advantage in  the use of this criterion consists in the fact that it does  not require knowledge of the system Hamiltonian, provided  that this commutes with the Zeeman terms corresponding  to the three orthogonal orientations of the  magnetic field ÃŽ ± = x, y, z. As already mentioned, in  the case of the Cr3 trimer, the effective Hamiltonian includes,  besides the dominant Heisenberg interaction J ∠¼118 meV , smaller anisotropic terms G ∠¼ 1.1 meV and  D ∠¼ 0.18 meV , due to which the above commutation relations  are not fulfilled. This might, in principle, result in  differences between the magnetic susceptibility and the  entanglement witness WE (see Fig.). Apparently, the  difference is quite essential and therefore it is necessary to use a formula for global entanglement Q(ψ) in N-spin  system. 4 10−1 100 101 102 103 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 The calculated difference à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ½EW(T)−EWa(T)à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ½/EW(T)for Cr3 isosceles trimer T(K) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ½EW(T)−EWa(T)à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ½/EW(T) FIG. 1: (Color online) The calculated difference j EW(T) à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ EWa(T) j =EW(T) for Cr3 isosceles trimer 0 100 200 300 400 0 2 4 6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Angle(Degrees) The calculated M(H) for Cr3 isosceles trimer H(T) M(à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¬B) FIG. 2: (Color online)Magnetization M(H) of the Cr3  isoscales trimer on metal surface as a function of angles from 0 to 360 degree C. Thermal global entanglement in static magnetic _eld 5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 The calculated variation of M(H) vs angle (magnetization switching) Angle(Degrees) M(à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¬B) 0.1Ts 0.2Ts 0.5Ts 1.0Ts FIG. 3: (Color online)The calculated variation of M(H) vs  angle (magnetization switching) for Cr3 isoscales trimer   FIG. 4: (Color online)The calculated density of global entanglement  vs temperature and energy for Cr3 isoscales trimer 6 0 100 200 300 400 0 2 4 6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Angle(Degrees) The calculated M(H) for Cr3 molecular magnet H(T) M(à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¬B) FIG. 5: (Color online)Magnetization M(H) of the Cr3 molecular  magnet as a function of angles from 0 to 360 degree 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 The calculated variation of M(H) vs angle (magnetization switching) Angle(Degrees) M(à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¬B) 0.1Ts 0.2Ts 0.5Ts 1.0Ts FIG. 6: (Color online)The calculated variation of M(H) vs  angle (magnetization switching) for Cr3 molecular magnet 7 FIG. 7: (Color online)The calculated density of global entanglement  vs temperature and energy for Cr3 molecular magnet  FIG. 8: (Color online)The calculated entanglement for the  Cr3 isoscales trimer as a function of temperature and the  magnitude of the magnetic field Hpar. 8 FIG. 9: (Color online)The calculated entanglement for the  Cr3 isoscales trimer as a function of temperature and the  magnitude of the magnetic field Hper. FIG. 10: (Color online)The calculated entanglement for the  Cr3 isoscales trimer as a function of temperature and the magnitude  of the magnetic field Hav. 9 FIG. 11: (Color online)The calculated entanglement for the  Cr3 molecular magnet as a function of temperature and the  magnitude of the magnetic field Hav.